LL.B Syllabus

Unit 1: General Principles

• 1.1 History And Nature of Contractual Obligations
• 1.2 Formation of an Agreement Intention, Proposal and Acceptance, Communication and Revocation of Proposal and Invitations for Proposal

Unit 2: Valid and Voidable Contract

• 2.1 Consideration - Its Need, Meaning, Kinds, Essential Elements, Adequacy of Consideration - Present, Past and Future Consideration - Unlawful Consideration - Evaluation of the Doctrine of Privity of Contract and Its Exceptions
• 2.2 Competency to Contract
• 2.3 Free Consent, Coercion, Undue Influence, Fraud, Misrepresentation, Mistake

Unit 3: Void Contract

• 3.1 Legality of Object
• 3.2 Void Agreement, Lawful and Unlawful Agreements
• 3.3 Unlawful Consideration and Unlawful Objects
• 3.4 Agreement without Consideration
• 3.5 Agreement in Restraint of Marriage
• 3.6 Agreements in Restraint of Legal Proceedings
• 3.7 Wagering Contract and Contingent Contract

Unit 4: Discharge of Contract Including Specific Relief Act

• 4.1 Performance of Contracts Discharge Of A Contract And Its Various Modes: Discharge By Performance - Performance Of Reciprocal Promises, By Breach, Anticipatory Breach, Impossibility Of Performance Frustration - Effect Of Frustration - Frustration And Restitution, By Period Of Limitation, By Agreement - Rescission And Alteration, Remission And Waiver Of Performance, Extension Of Time - Accord And Satisfaction
• 4.2 Quasi – Contracts Remedies in Contractual Relations, Remedies for Breach of Contract, Damages - Kinds Of Damages
• 4.3 Specific Relief Act, 1963: Definition, Injunction - When Granted And When Refused? Refund And Restitution, Specific Performance - Recovering Of Possession Of Property Specific Performance Of Contracts, Rectification Of Instruments, Rescission Of Contracts Cancellation Of Instruments, Declaratory Decrees, Preventive Relief

Unit 5: Government Contract

• 5.1 Government as a Contracting Party: Constitutional Provisions – Government Power to Contract – Procedural Requirements – Kinds of Government Contracts – Their Clauses Performance of Such Contracts – Settlements Of Disputes And Remedies
• 5.2 Standard Form Contracts: Nature, Advantages – Unilateral Character, Principles Of Protection Against The Possibility Of Exploitation – Judicial Approach To Such Contracts Exemption Clauses – Clash Between Two Standard Form Contracts – Law Commission Of India’s Views – 4, Multinational Agreement
• 5.3 Remedies - Strategies and Constraints to Enforce Contractual Obligations - Judicial Methods – Redressal Forum, Other Methods like Arbitration, Lok Adalat, Nyaya Panchayat and Other Such No Formal Methods - Systemic Constraints In Settling Contractual Disputes Court Fees, Service Of Summons, Injunctions, Delay

Unit 1: Introduction

• 1.1 Nature, definition of jurisprudence. Need to study jurisprudence
• 1.2 Definition, nature, scope, purpose and kinds of law
• 1.3 Sources of Law

Unit 2: Schools of Law – (Part I)

• 2.1 Analytical Positivism
• 2.2 Kelson’s Pure Theory of Law – Grundnorm
• 2.3 Historical School of Law

Unit 3: Schools of Law – (Part II)

• 3.1 Sociological School of Law
• 3.2 Natural Law School

Unit 4: Legal Concepts (Part I)

• 4.1 Legal right and legal duty-correlation
• 4.2 Concept of person, position of person, corporate personality, possession and ownership

Unit 5: Legal Concepts (Part II)

• 5.1 Concept of Title, property, liability, obligation
• 5.2 Procedure law
• 5.3 Natural Law

Unit 1: Introduction on Personal Laws

• 1.1 Who are Hindus and who are not Hindus - Hindu by religion, Hindu by birth, Hindu by declaration - Hindu Law: its origin, nature and application
• 1.2 Sources of Hindu Law
• 1.3 Schools of Hindu Law
• 1.4 Concept of family
• 1.5 Joint Hindu Family (Mitakshara and Dayabhaga): Mitakshara joint family Mitakshara Coparcenary - Partition and Reunion Joint Hindu Family as a social security institution and impact of Hindu Gains of Learning Act and various tax laws on it
• 1.6 What is Islam - Significance of Islam - Teachings of Islam - Who is a Muslim - History of Islam
• 1.7 Sources of Muslim
• 1.8 School of Muslim Law

Unit 2: Laws on Marriage

• 2.1 Concept of marriage and evolution of the institution of marriage
• 2.2 Marriage as sacrament and marriage as contract
• 2.3 The Hindu Marriage Act, 1955
• 2.4. 1. Applicability of the Act (Sec – 2, 4) and salient features of the Act 2. Forms of marriage 3. Conditions of valid Hindu marriage (Sec 3 & 5) 4. Ceremonies for Hindu marriage (Sec – 7) 5. Registration of marriage (Sec – 8)
• 2.5 Definition of Nikah - Objects of Nikah - Nature of Nikah
• 2.6 Essential requirement of valid Muslim marriage
• 2.7 Void and Irregular Muslim marriage
• 2.8 Muta marriage
• 2.9 Difference between Sunni and Shia law of marriage
• 2.10 Comparison between Muslim marriage and Hindu marriage
• 2.11 The Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Marriage) Act, 2019

Unit 3: Dissolution of Marriage

• 3.1 Judicial Separation (Sec – 10)
• 3.2 Void and Voidable marriage
• 3.3 Divorce and remedies under Hindu Marriage Act (Sec – 13(1), (2), 13 (1A), 13A, 13B and 15)
• 3.4 Matrimonial Remedies for Muslims (Talaq, IIla, Zihar, Tafwiz, khula, Mubarak) Muslim wife’s grounds of divorce
• 3.5 Dissolution of Muslim Marriage Act, 1939
• 3.6 Dower (Mahr)

Unit 4: Adoption and Maintenance

• 4.1 Who is a Minor - Appointment of Guardian - Kinds of Guardian
• 4.2 Guardianship law of Hindu and Muslims
• 4.3 Concepts of adoption, sonship, pious obligation of sons
• 4.4 Child and the family: Legitimacy, Adoption, Custody
• 4.5 Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act
• 4.6 Maintenance of divorced wives, neglected wives, minor children and parents under Hindu Marriage Act, 1956
• 4.7 Right of Muslim divorced women to maintenance
• 4.8 Maintenance of Muslims wives during and after divorce; Protection of Rights on Divorce Act, 1986
• 4.9 Maintenance under S.125 of Cr.P.C

Unit 5: Customary Practices and Law

• 5.1 Dowry and Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961
• 5.2 Child Marriage and Child Marriage Restraint Act, 1929
• 5.3 Article 44 of the Indian Constitution
• 5.5 Dispute Resolution Procedure of Marriages in Bodo villages
• 5.6 Role of Village Headman in resolving various disputes in Bodo villages

Unit 1: Introduction to Torts

• 1.1 Evolution of Law of Torts - Its development by Courts in England
• 1.2 Reception of Law of Torts in India
• 1.3 A Wrongful act - Legal damage - damnum sine injuria and injuria sine damnum
• 1.4 Tort distinguished from breach of Contract, trust, crime, quasi contract etc
• 1.5 The concept of unliquidated damages
• 1.6 Foundation of tortuous liability, Fault liability, Strict liability, Statutory liability, Liability without fault, Principles of Insurance in tort

Unit 2: General Exceptions to Liability in Torts

• 2.1 Volenti non fit injuria, Necessity, Plaintiff’s the wrong doer, Act of God, Inevitable Accident, Private Defence, Statutory Authorization
• 2.2 Act of State, Plaintiff the wrongdoer, Judicial and Quasi – Judicial acts, Executive act Mistake, Parental and Quasi – Parental authority
• 2.3 Vicarious Liability - Master and Servant relation, Distinction between servant and Independent Contractor, Course of Employment, Hospital cases, Common Employment Liability for tort in independent contractor, Master’s duties towards servant, Servants duties to the Master, Joint Tort Feasors and Doctrine of Sovereign Immunity

Unit 3: Specific Torts

• 3.1 Negligence: Basic concepts, Theories of Negligence, Standards of care, Duty to take care, carelessness, Doctrines of contributing negligence, Res ipsaloquitor and its importance
• 3.2 Nuisance: definition, essentials, types, pollution of air, water, noise
• 3.3 Defamation: libel, slander – distinction
• 3.4 Nuisance: Public and Private Nuisance
• 3.5 Trespass to the Land - Re - entry in land, Recapture of goods, distress damage
• 3.6 Trespass to the Person – Assault battery, mayhem – False imprisonment
• 3.7 Strict Liability – Case of Ryland vs. Fletcher, Absolute Liability
• 3.8 Abuse of Legal Procedure
• 3.9 Deceit – Case of Derry vs. Peek

Unit 4: Consumer Protection Law

• 4.1 Aims and Objectives of Consumer Protection Act
• 4.2 Advertisement, Consumer, Complaints, Complainants, Defect in Goods and Services Manufacturer, Product Seller, Product Liability, Unfair Trade Practice, Restrictive Trade Practice
• 4.3 Rights of Consumers
• 4.4 Consumer Protection Council
• 4.5 Central Authority – Meaning and Role of CCPA, Powers and Functions of CCPA
• 4.6 Dispute Redressal Mechanisms – District, State and National Commission, Mediation

Unit 5: Motor Vehicle Law

• 5.1 Salient features of Motor Vehicles Act
• 5.2 Road safety measures as per Radhakrishnan Committee Recommendations
• 5.3 No fault liability
• 5.4 Effect of death of parties in tort – Compensation
• 5.5 Insurer’s liability – Driving without driving licence

Unit 1: Bailment and Indemnity

• 1.1 Contract of Indemnity - Nature and extent of liability of the indemnifier Rights of Indemnity Holder, Liability of the Indemnifier
• 1.2 Contract of Guarantee - Definition of Guarantee, Essential characteristics of Contract of Guarantee
• 1.3 Distinction between Contract of Indemnity and Contract of Guarantee - Rights and liabilities of Principal Debtor - Nature of Surety’s liability duration and termination of such liability - Rights and liabilities of Surety and Discharge of Surety
• 1.4 Contract of Bailment – Definition - Essential requisites of Bailment - Kinds of Bailment
• 1.5 Rights and Duties of Bailor and Bailee - Termination of Bailment
• 1.6 Pledge – Definition - Rights and duties of Pawner and Pawnee - Pledge by Non-Owners

Unit 2: Contract of Agency

• 2.2 Definition of Agent and Principal - Various methods of creation of agency
• 2.2 Distinction between Agent and Servant - Rights and duties of Agent - Delegation of authority
• 2.3 Relationship between Principal and third parties - Termination of Agency
• 2.4 Liability of the principal and agent before and after such termination

Unit 3: Sales of Goods Act

• 3.1 Formation of Contract of Sale - Subject-matter of Contract of Sale
• 3.2 Conditions and Warranties - Stipulation as to time - Implied conditions and warranties as to title, quality, fitness etc. - Sale by description and by Sample - Treating conditions as warranties - Doctrine of Caveat Emptor
• 3.3 Effect of the contract - Transfer of Property - Nemo dat quad non habit
• 3.4 Sale - By a person other than the owner - By joint owner - By mercantile agent - By Seller or buyer in possession after sale
• 3.5 Performance of the contract - Rights and liabilities of Seller and Buyer before and after Sale
• 3.6 Rights of unpaid Seller
• 3.7 Suit for breach of contract - Auction Sale

Unit 4: Laws on Partnership

• 4.1 Definition and nature of Partnership - Formation of Partnership - Partnership and other Associations - Partnership at Will
• 4.2 Registration of Firm - Effect of non – registration – Relationship of Partners - Rights and duties of Partners
• 4.3 Properties of the Firm - Relationship between Partners and third parties - Implied authority of a partner
• 4.4 Kinds of partners - Minor as partner - Reconstitution of a firm, Dissolution of firm
• 4.5 Limited Liability of Partnership Act - Essential features of Limited Liability of Partnership - Difference between Partnership and Limited Liability of Partnership
• 4.6 Incorporation of LLPs – Effect of Registration - Liabilities of LLP and its partners Holding out – Conversion of Business Status – Winding Up

Unit 5: Negotiable Instrument Act

• 5.1 Promissory Note and its Essential Features - Capacity to make promissory notes
• 5.2 Bill of Exchange
• 5.3 Cheque Holder - payment in due course
• 5.5 Definition of negotiable instruments
• 5.5 Dishonors of Cheques

Unit 1: Historical Perspective of Constitution of India

• 1.1 Constitutional Developments since 1858 to 1947 - Philosophical development of Constitution
• 1.2 Constituent Assembly – Sovereignty
• 1.3 Preamble
• 1.4 Salient features of Constitution of India
• 1.5 Citizenship under the Constitution
• 1.6 Citizenship under the Citizenship Act, 1955 (as amended upto date)
• 1.7 The Foreigners Act, 1946 and The Foreigners Rules, 1964

Unit 2: Fundamental Rights – I (Art 12 – 18)

• 2.1 Concept of State and Law (Articles 12 & 13)
• 2.2 Right to Equality
• 2.3 Doctrine of Severability, Eclipse and Waiver
• 2.3 Prohibition of discrimination – Equal Opportunity in Public Employment
• 2.4 Abolition of Untouchability

Unit 3: Fundamental Rights – II (Art 19 – 28)

• 3.1 Right to Freedom - Freedom of speech and expression - Freedom of the press
• 3.2 Protection of life and personal liberty
• 3.3 Right to education
• 3.4 Protection against arrest and detention
• 3.5 Right against exploitation
• 3.6 Freedom of Religion

Unit 4: Fundamental Rights – III (Art 29 – 35)

• 4.1 Cultural and Educational Rights
• 4.2 Right to Constitutional Remedies and Judicial Review

Unit 5: Directive Principles of State Policies and Fundamental Duties

• 5.1 Directive Principles of State Policies (Art 38 to 51)
• 5.2 Fundamental Duties {Art 51 A (a) to (k)}

Unit 1: Concept of Property

• 1.1 Kinds and sources of property in Hindu Law
• 1.2 Property concept, scope and evolution, New Property concepts, Such As Skill, Job, etc. as new forms of property

Unit 2: Hindu Laws of Inheritance

• 2.1 Coparcenary and separate property, women’s property
• 2.2 Alienation of joint Hindu family property by Karta, Father, Alienees rights, duties and remedies
• 2.3 Alienation of property by way of 1. Gift 2. Will 3. Religious and Charitable Endowments

Unit 3: Hindu Laws of Succession

• 3.1 The Hindu Succession Act, 1956 - Main features of legislation
• 3.2 Devolution of Mitakshara property under the Act
• 3.3 General principles of inheritance, classification of Heirs (Sec – 8 to Sec – 13)
• 3.4 Succession to Mitakshara Coparcener’s interest and testamentary succession (Sec – 6, Sec – 30)
• 3.5 Succession to the Property of Female Hindu (Sec – 14, 15, 16)
• 3.6 Succession to the Property of a Male Hindu
• 3.7 General rules of succession (Sec – 18 to 30)

Unit 4: Muslim Laws of Inheritance

• 4.1 Rules of Primogeniture
• 4.2 Rules governing Sunni and Shia law of inheritance - Differences between Shia and Sunni Law
• 4.3 Administration of Estates
• 4.4 Gift (Hiba) Wills under Muslim Law

Unit 5: Muslim Laws of Succession

• 5.1 Indian Succession Act - Intestate Succession
• 5.2 Legacies, Probate and letters of administration
• 5.3 Executor-administrators - Succession certificate
• 5.4 Rule of ‘Spes Succession’
• 5.5 Pre – Emption (Shuffa)
• 5.6 Death Bed Transaction
• 5.7 Uniform Civil Code (UCC Art 44)

Unit 1: General Explanations and Exceptions

• 1.1 Concept of Crime and punishments
• 1.2 Abetment, criminal conspiracy, of attempt
• 1.3 General exceptions - Mistake of Fact – act of judge
• 1.4 Acts done in misfortune or by accident – criminal intention
• 1.5 Acts done by child below and above 7 years of age, Acts done by unsound mind intoxicated person
• 1.6 Without intention, acts done in good faith, under compulsion
• 1.7 Right to private defence against human body and property

Unit 2: Offences Against Women and Child

• 2.1 Rape – punishment, gang rape – punishment
• 2.2 Sexual intercourse (by husband upon separation with wife) – (deceitful manner) punishment
• 2.3 Assault, sexual harassment, Voyeurism, stalking
• 2.4 Dowry death, remarriage by the husband, fraudulent marriage, Cruelty, causing miscarriage, prevention to give birth, causing death to unborn child
• 2.5 Abandoning of child, concealment of child birth, employing child to commit offence
• 2.6 Kidnapping, abduction and prostitution of child

Unit 3: Offences against human body

• 3.1 Culpable homicide – murder – punishments
• 3.2 Attempt to murder – attempt to culpable homicide – punishments
• 3.3 Terrorist act – punishments
• 3.4 Hurt, grievous hurt – punishments
• 3.5 Wrongful restrain, wrongful confinement, criminal force, assault – punishments
• 3.6 Abduction, kidnapping, trafficking – punishments

Unit 4: Offences against State, Public and Public Tranquility

• 4.1 Waging war, conspiracy to commit criminal force against state, central government and foreign state
• 4.2 Committing depredation, escape by prisoners - punishments
• 4.3 Offences against army, navy and air force - punishments
• 4.4 Offences relating to elections (bribery, undue influence, punishments)
• 4.5 Counterfeiting coin, Government stamps, currency-notes or bank-notes – punishments
• 4.6 Unlawful assembly, rioting, affray, promotion of enmity - punishments
• 4.7 Offences against public servants - punishments
• 4.8 Contempt against the order of lawful authorities, fabrication of evidence and providing false evidence – punishments
• 4.9 Harbouring offences – Punishments
• 4.10 Public nuisance – spreading infectious disease – adulteration of drugs – rash driving negligence, offences relating to religion – punishments
• 4.11 Defamation

Unit 5: Offences against Property

• 5.1 Theft
• 5.2 Extortion
• 5.3 Robbery and Dacoity
• 5.4 Criminal misappropriation of Property
• 5.5 Criminal breach of trust
• 5.6 Cheating
• 5.7 Disposition of Property
• 5.8 Mischief
• 5.9 Trespass
• 5.10 Offences relating to documents and to property marks

Unit 1: Principles of Transfer of Property (Part I)

• 1.1 Concept and meaning of property
• 1.2 Interpretation Clause‐ ‘Immovable clause’, ‘Instrument’, ‘attested’, registered, attached to the earth’, ‘actionable claim’, ‘notice’, ‘actually express and constructive notice
• 1.3 Transfer of Property – Competency to transfer
• 1.4 Property may not be transferred
• 1.5 Condition retraining alienation
• 1.6 Vested and contingent interest
• 1.7 Condition precedent and condition subsequent

Unit 2: Principles of Transfer of Property (Part II)

• 2.1 Transfer to unborn person
• 2.2 Rule against perpetuity
• 2.3 Doctrine of election
• 2.4 Transfer by person authorized only under certain circumstances to transfer
• 2.5 Transfer where third person is entitled to maintenance
• 2.6 Transfer by Ostensible Owner, Benami Transaction Act, 1988
• 2.7 Fraudulent transfer
• 2.8 Doctrine of part- performance

Unit 3: Sales and Mortgage

• 3.1 Definition, contract for sale
• 3.2 Hire purchase agreement, Distinction between sale and exchange
• 3.3 Rights and liabilities of seller and buyer before and after sale
• 3.4 Mortgage – meaning and definition
• 3.5 Kinds of mortgages
• 3.6 Rights of mortgagor - rights of mortgagee
• 3.7 Liabilities of mortgagor – liabilities of mortgagee
• 3.8 Distinction between charge and mortgage, charge and lien

Unit 4: Lease, Gift, and Exchange

• 4.1 Leases – Definition of Lease - Lessor, Lessee, premium and rent
• 4.2 Lease how made
• 4.3 Right and liabilities of lessor and lessee
• 4.4 Forfeiture of Lease. Holding over, Determination of Lease
• 4.5 Gift – definition – essentials
• 4.6 Transfer how effected, modes of making gift
• 4.7 Gift of existing and future property
• 4.8 When gift may be suspended & revoked
• 4.9 Onerous gift, conditional gifts, universal donee, donation mortis causa
• 4.10 Exchange of properties
• 4.11 Assignment of actionable claims

Unit 5: Easements

• 5.1 Definition - nature and characteristics of easements
• 5.2 Acquisition or creation of easements
• 5.3 Classification or kinds of easement
• 5.4 Termination or determination of easements
• 5.5 Difference between easement and license

Unit 1: The Union and State

• 1.1 The President of India - Election of President, Qualifications for Election of President Powers and Functions of the President
• 1.2 Procedure for impeachment of the President, President’s constitutional relationship, Vice – President of India, Election of Vice – President, Salary, etc., - Council of Ministers to aid and advice the President
• 1.3 Parliamentary Government - Constitution of Parliament, Legislative Process - powers privileges and immunities of Parliament and its members
• 1.4 Freedom of Speech, Practice of law-making, etc
• 1.5 Legislative Privileges vs. Fundamental Rights
• 1.6 The Chairman and Deputy Chairman of the Council of States, Council of Ministers to aid and advice the Governor and State Government
• 1.7 The Speaker and Deputy Speaker - The Prime Minister - Cabinet System, Collective Responsibilities
• 1.8 President Prime Minister Relationship - Party System - Position of Speaker - Anti Defection Law

Unit 2: Judiciary

• 2.1 Independency of the Judiciary
• 2.2 Judicial Process under the Constitution
• 2.3 Supreme Court – Chief Justice and other Judges of the Supreme Court – Appointment and Removal of Judges
• 2.4 Jurisdiction of Supreme Court – original jurisdiction, appellate jurisdiction, statutory appeal, special leave to appeal power of review, advisory jurisdiction
• 2.5 High Courts – Jurisdiction of High Court
• 2.6 Judicial Review – Judicial Activism
• 2.7 Writs

Unit 3: Principles of Federalism

• 3.1 Federalism - Comparative study Federalism in other countries
• 3.2 Relations between the Centre and the States Administrative
• 3.3 Legislative Relations between Centre and states
• 3.4 Financial Relations between Centre and States

Unit 4: Freedom of Trade and Services

• 4.1 Freedom of Trade, Commerce and Inter Course
• 4.2 Power of Parliament to impose restrictions on trade and commerce and intercourse
• 4.3 Restrictions on trade, commerce and intercourse among states
• 4.4 Services under the Union and States - Doctrine of Pleasure, Dismissal, Protection against Arbitrary Dismissal, Removal or Reduction in Rank

Unit 5: Emergency and Amendment

• 5.1 Emergency Provisions under the constitution
• 5.2 Types of Emergencies
• 5.3 Proclamation of Emergency

Unit 1: Criminal Justice System

• 1.1 Salient features of the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023
• 1.2 Freedom from age old colonial practices
• 1.3 Constitution of Criminal Courts - Powers and Jurisdiction
• 1.4 Role of Public Prosecutors
• 1.5 Powers and duties of Police – Role of Police and aid to the Magistrates and the Police

Unit 2: Procedure and Investigation Proceedings for Arrested Persons

• 2.1 Arrest of persons – who can arrest – procedure of arrest
• 2.2 Summon – summon to produce - warrant of arrest – execution of warrant – search warrant
• 2.3 Information to police – cognizable/non – cognizable offence – zero FIR
• 2.4 Investigation procedure – investigation of witness – forensic investigation - powers to seize, examination, Proclamation and attachment – restoration of attached property recording of search and seizure, recording of confession and statement
• 2.5 Rights of arrested persons - security for keeping the peace and for good behavior
• 2.6 Maintenance – wives, children and parents – procedure, enquiry, investigation, order
• 2.7 Maintenance of public order and tranquility – procedure, enquiry, order

Unit 3: Trials

• 3.1 Trials by criminal courts – taking of cognizance
• 3.2 Examination of complaints by Magistrate – commencement of proceedings before the magistrate – trial of warrant cases by magistrate – evidence for prosecution and defence mode of taking evidence - conclusion of trial - Trial of summon cases by magistrate – trial of proclaimed offender
• 3.4 Charge – formation of charge – joinder of charge – who can be charged jointly
• 3.5 Trial before Sessions Court
• 3.6 Summary trial

Unit 4: Judgment, Appeal, Reference, Revision, Transfer of Cases, Execution

• 4.1 Judgment – content of judgment – order to pay compensation – victim compensation scheme – submission of death sentence – confirmation
• 4.2 Appeal – from conviction – in case of acquittal – special right of appeal – procedure of hearing appeal – power of appellate court
• 4.3 Reference – revision – power of sessions/additional sessions judge – power of High Court
• 4.4 Transfer of Criminal cases – High court – sessions court, withdrawal of cases – execution suspension of sentences
• 4.5 Bail and bond – procedure for bail

Unit 5: Juvenile Justice and Probation of Offenders

• 5.1 Concept of Juvenile Justice - Provisions relating to Juvenile Offenders under The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita and Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita; Juvenile Justice Act, 1986
• Juvenile Justice (Amendment) Act, 2000 – major changes
• 5.2 Distinction between Juvenile Offender and Neglected Juvenile
• 5.3 Constitution of Child Welfare Boards and Juvenile Courts
• 5.4 Observation and Juvenile Homes
• 5.5 Powers of the State Government to constitute Advisory Boards
• 5.6 Release the juvenile from juvenile or special home
• 5.7 Concept of probation - Salient features of Probation of Offenders Act 1958
• 5.8 Parole system - Role of probation officers - Role of Judiciary in the implementation of the Act
• 5.9 Reforms in Criminal Procedure - Major recommendations made in the Mallimath Committee, 2002 in relation to Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023

Unit 1: Introduction

• 1.1 Salient features of The Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023
• 1.2 Interpretation clauses

Unit 2: Relevancy of Facts

• 2.1 Fact in issue, relevant facts – doctrine of res gestae
• 2.2 Admission, oral admission, confession, statement by persons not a witness, evidence by witness, statement made under special circumstances, relevancy of public record electronic records, etc
• 2.3 Relevancy of judgments, opinions of third persons, experts’ opinion
• 2.4 Dying declaration
• 2.5 Relevancy of characters
• 2.6 Facts which need not be proved

Unit 3: Kinds of Evidence

• 3.1 Oral evidence – exclusion of oral evidence
• 3.2 Documentary evidence
• 3.3 Secondary evidence
• 3.4 Primary evidence
• 3.5 Electronic/digital record
• 3.6 Private and public documents – presumption as to documents

Unit 4: Effect of Evidence

• 4.1 Burden of proof – on whom lies
• 4.2 Burden of proof of facts – within knowledge – of death
• 4.3 Presumption of offences – proof of legitimacy – abetment of suicide of married women dowry death – prosecution for death
• 4.4 Estoppel

Unit 5: Of Witnesses

• 5.1 Who may testify – unsound mind – unable to communicate – competency of witness by husband and wife
• 5.2 Communication during wedding – official communications – professional communications – confidential communications – production of documents
• 5.3 Examination of witness – order of examination – cross examination – leading questions lawful questions - evidence as to matter in writing – compulsion to answer – scandalous questions – character witness
• 5.4 Question by party to his own witness – impeaching credit of witness – accomplice
• 5.5 Power of judge to put questions – rejection of evidence

Unit 1: Introduction to ADR system

• 1.1 Historical Evolution - Role of Panchayat - Role of Grama Sabhas
• 1.2 Characteristics - Party participation and Control - Advantages and Disadvantageous
• 1.3 Alternative to formal adjudication
• 1.4 Unilateral - Bilateral - Triadic (Third party) Intervention
• 1.5 Advantages – Limitations
• 1.6 Distinction between Arbitration - Conciliation and Negotiation and other forms of alternative resolution
• 1.7 Distinction between Judicial Settlement and Alternative Dispute Resolution
• 1.8 ADR provisions under the CPC, 1908 (Sec. 89) – ADR, provision under the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 - ADR provision under the relevant provisions of the Indian Contract Act, 1872 - ADR provisions under the Constitution of India, Article 298, Art. 299 and the related provisions of Art. 53 and Art. 162

Unit 2: Arbitration

• 2.1 UNCITRAL Model Laws
• 2.2 Arbitration, arbitration agreement, domestic arbitration, international commercial arbitration
• 2.3 Composition and Proceedings in Arbitral Tribunals
• 2.4 Making of arbitral award, Termination of Proceedings
• 2.5 Setting aside of arbitral award
• 2.6 Finality and Enforcement of arbitral award
• 2.7 Appeals, Enforcement of foreign awards
• 2.8 New York Convention, Geneva Convention

Unit 3: Mediation, Conciliation and Lok Adalat

• 3.1 Mediation – mediation agreement, pre litigation mediation, mediators, role of mediators
• 3.2 Mediation proceedings, mediation settlement agreement, termination of mediation Enforcement and finality of mediation settlement agreement
• 3.3 Mediation Council of India, Mediation Service Provider, Community Mediation
• 3.4 Conciliation – Conciliation proceedings, conciliators, role of conciliators, powers and functions of conciliators, settlement agreement
• 3.5 Lok Adalat – Role of Legal Services Authorities in settlement of Disputes

Unit 1: Introduction to Research

• 1.1 Law and Society
• 1.2 Legal System and Social System
• 1.3 Law for Socio Economic Development

Unit 2: Legal Research Methodology

• 2.1 What is research?
• 2.2 Types of research
• 2.3 Research Methods and Research Methodology
• 2.4 What is legal research?
• 2.5 Scope and relevance of legal research
• 2.6 Importance of legal research
• 2.7 Legal research and methodology - Doctrinal Legal Research - Non-Doctrinal Legal Research
• 2.8 Sources of information

Unit 3: Steps of Research (Part 1)

• 3.1 Identification and formulation of a research problem
• 3.2 Review of literature
• 3.3 Formulation of a hypothesis

Unit 4: Steps of Research (Part 2)

• 4.1 Research design
• 4.2 Sampling
• 4.3 Collection of data – Primary Sources of Data – Questionnaire – Interview – Observation Case Study
• 4.4 Analysis of data
• 4.5 Interpretation of data
• 4.6 Report Writing

Unit 5: Usage of Law Library and Computer in Legal Research

• 5.1 Importance of Secondary Data
• 5.2 Usage of Text Books, Journals, Periodicals, Etc
• 5.3 Usage of Internet Data

Unit 1: Introduction

• 1.1 Legislature, Executive and the Judiciary
• 1.2 Law and Public Opinion, Law and Social Control
• 1.3 Individual interest to Community Interest – Law and Morals
• 1.4 Meaning, Objects and Scope of ‘interpretation’, ‘construction’ and ‘statute’

Unit 2: Kinds of Law

• 2.1 Nature and Kinds of Indian Laws - Statutory, Non‐statutory, Codified, Uncodified, State made and State ‐ recognized laws
• 2.2 Commencement, operation and repeal of statutes
• 2.3 Purpose of interpretation of statutes
• 2.4 Basic Sources of Statutory Interpretation
• (i) The General Clauses Act, 1897: Nature, Scope and Relevance (Ss.6‐ 8) (ii) Definition clauses in various Legislations: Nature and Interpretative Role

Unit 3: Rules of Statutory Interpretation

• 3.1 Aids to Interpretation (Parts of the statute and their interpretative role)
• 3.2 Internal aids – Title – Preamble – etc
• 3.3 External aids
• 3.4 Role of Constituent Assembly debates in the interpretation of the Constitution of India Legislative history‐ Legislative Intention, Statement of objects and reasons, legislative debates, Committee reports, Law Commission reports etc
• 3.5 International‐law and human‐rights documents
• 3.6 Dictionaries‐Translations
• 3.7 Statutes in pari material
• 3.8 Literal Rule
• 3.9 Golden Rule
• 3.10 Mischief rule (rule in the Heydon’s case)
• 3.11 Rule of harmonious construction
• 3.12 Strict Construction of Penal Laws and Taxation Laws

Unit 4: Interpretation of Constitution and International Instruments

• 4.1 Principles and theories
• 4.2 Interpretation of Constitution – reading Directive Principles of State Policies (DPSP) and
• 4.3 Fundamental Rights
• 4.4 Interpretation of International Instruments
• 4.5 Presumption in favor of Constitutionality of a Statute
• 4.6 Presumption against violation of International Law
• 4.7 Presumption against retrospective operation of law
• 4.8 Presumption against Ouster of Jurisdiction of Courts

Unit 5: Legislature and Drafting

• 5.1 Principles and Process of Legislative Drafting
• 5.2 Simplicity, Preciseness, Consistency
• 5.3 Alignment with Existing Law
• 5.4 Brevity
• 5.5 Drafting General Laws and Special Laws
• 5.6 Rules and Orders

Unit 1: Introduction to Land

• 1.1 Understanding on Land
• 1.2 Property as a Legal Right
• 1.3 History of Land Rights in Assam
• 1.4 Constitutional Rights

Unit 2: Assam Land and Revenue Regulation 1886

• 2.1 Revenue Administration during Ahom Rule
• 2.2 Different kinds of land rights
• 2.3 Settlement operation, realization of arrear land revenue
• 2.4 Mutation, partition, appeal
• 2.5 Matter exempted from preview of civil court
• 2.6 Protection of Backward Classes

Unit 3: Protection of Backward Class (Chapter X) under the Assam Land & Revenue

• Regulation, 1886
• 3.1 Classes of People Entitled to Protection
• 3.2 Protective Measures
• 3.3 Tribal Belt and Blocks
• 3.4 Rights over Land
• 3.5 Eviction
• 3.6 Dispute Resolving Mechanisms

Unit 4: Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition

• Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013
• 4.1 Understanding on Land Acquisition
• 4.2 History of Land Acquisition
• 4.3 Acquisition of Land for Public Purpose
• 4.4 Rehabilitation and Resettlement
• 4.5 Payment and Compensation
• 4.6 Offenses and Penalties

Unit 5: The Assam Urban Areas Rent Control Act, 1972

• 5.1 Meaning of Landlord, Pucca Structure, Standard Rent, Fair Rent
• 5.2 Rights and Duties of Landlord and Tenant

Unit 1: Custom as a Source of Law

Unit 2: Scheduled Tribes and Constitution

Unit 3: Bodo Tribe and Their Intellectual Property

Unit 4: Administration of Justice in Bodoland Territory

Unit 5: Social Welfare Policies for Good Governance

Unit 1: Introduction

• 1.1 Conceptions of Civil Procedure in India before the advent of the British Rule
• 1.2 Evolution of Civil Procedure from 1712 to 1901
• 1.3 Principal features of the Civil Procedure Case
• 1.4 Importance of State Amendments
• 1.5 Types of Procedures – Inquisitorial and Adversary - Importance of observance of procedure. Law Reforms
• 1.6 Code of Civil Procedure (Amendment) Act, 2002
• 1.7 Suits: Concept of Law Suit, Order I, Parties to Suit, Order II, Frame of Suit, Order IV Institution of suits, Bars & Suit: Doctrines of Sub Judice& Res Judicata, Place of Suing (Section 15, 20)
• 1.8 Territorial Jurisdiction
• 1.9 Cause of Action
• 1.10 Jurisdictional Bars
• 1.11 Summons (Sections 27, 28, 31, Orders IV, VI, IX)
• 1.12 Service of Foreign Summons
• 1.13 Power for Order (Section 30 order XI)

Unit 2: Pleadings

• 2.1 (Order VI), Material Facts, Forms of Pleading, Condition Precedent, Presumptions of Law, Striking Out / Amendment
• 2.2 Plaint: (Order VII), Particulars (esp., in money suits/suits for immovable Property)
• 2.3 Ground of Limitation, Return of Plaint, Rejection of Plaint
• 2.4 Production and listing of Documents
• 2.5 Written Statement, Counter Claim, Set off
• 2.6 Issue – meaning, Framing of issues, kinds of issue, importance of issues, materials for framing issues, omission to France issues, Disposal of suit
• 2.7 Appearance and Examination : Appearance, Ex -parte procedure, Default of Portion Summoning and attendance of witnesses
• 2.8 Examination, Admissions, production, impounding, return of documents, hearing affidavit Adjournments: Order XVII, Adjournment, Judicial Discretion& Problems Arrears

Unit 3: Judgment, Suits and Special Suits

• 3.1 Withdrawal and Compromise of suits
• 3.2 Hearing of suit
• 3.3 Concepts of judgment, Decree, and Interim Orders and stay Injunctions, Appointment of Receivers, Costs
• 3.4 Execution: (Order XXI), Concept of “Execution”, General Principles of Execution, Power for Execution of Decrees (Section 38-46), Procedure for Execution (Section 51-54)
• 3.5 Enforcement: Arrest and Detention (section 55-59)
• 3.6 Attachment (Section 60-64)
• 3.7 Suits in Particular Cases: Suits by or against Government (Section 79-82), Suits by Aliens and by or Against Foreign Rulers, Ambassadors and (Section 91 -93), Suits relating to public matters, Incident and supplementary proceedings (Section 75 -78, 94 -95), and Suits against Minors, persons with unsound mind, indigent persons etc., Interpleader suits
• 3.8 Suits by indigent persons
• 3.9 Summary Suits

Unit 4: Appeals

• 4.1 Appeals from Original Decrees (Section 96-99-A) and Order XLI
• 4.2 Appeals from Appellate Decrees (Sections 100-101)
• 4.3 Appeals from Orders (Sections 104-106) (Order XLII)
• 4.4 General Provisions Relating to Appeals (Section 107-108)
• 4.5 Appeals to the Supreme Court (Section 108)

Unit 5: Commission

• 5.1 The Rationale of Commissions, Order XXVI, Socio - Legal Commissions of Inquiry in “Social Action” or “Public Interest Litigation”
• 5.2 Limitation: Concept of Limitation – Why limitation, General principles of limitation Extension – sufficient causes – acknowledgment
• 5.3 Legal disability – Condonation of Delay – when comes to an end
• 5.4 Rules regarding execution of prescribed time
• 5.5 Effect of certain events on computation of period of limitation

Unit 1: Evolution, Nature and Scope of Administrative Law

• 1.1 Definition, Nature and scope of Administrative Law
• 1.2 Reasons for Development and Growth of Administrative Law
• 1.3 Sources of Administrative Law
• 1.4 Relationship between constitutional Law and Administrative Law
• 1.5 Droit Administrative – Conscil De Etat
• 1.6 Meaning and concept of Rule of Law, Dicey’s concept of Rule of Law, Rule of Law in Indian context – Dicey’s Rule of Law and Droit Administrate
• 1.7 Doctrine of separation of Power, application of separation of Power in India, United States of America and United Kingdom
• 1.8 Administrative Action, its classification (quasi legislative, quasi judicial and administrative)
• 1.9 Administrative Discretion – meaning and action – Abuse of Discretion
• 1.10 Administrative Discretion and Administrative Discrimination

Unit 2: Delegated Legislation

• 2.1 Meaning and concept of Delegated Legislation
• 2.2 Reasons for growth of Delegated Legislation
• 2.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Delegated Legislation
• 2.4 Delegated Legislation in United states of America and United Kingdom
• 2.5 Committees on delegated legislation – its constitution and functions
• 2.6 Delegated Legislation of Taxing Statute – Control Mechanism
• 2.7 Sub‐Delegations of legislative powers – delegata potestas non potest delegare

Unit 3: Principles of Natural Justice

• 3.1 Concept of Principles of Natural justice
• 3.2 Rule against Bias – Nemo debet case judex in propria cause
• 3.3 Rule of Fair Hearing – Audi Alteram Partem
• 3.4 Reasoned Decisions
• 3.6 Administrative tribunals and other adjudicating authorities – powers and functions
• 3.7 Tribunals – nature, constitution, jurisdiction and procedure
• 3.8 Advantages of justice by Tribunals – openness, Fairness, Impartiality, Absence of Technicalities of Evidence and Procedure
• 3.9 Administrative Tribunals established under the Administrative Tribunals Act, 1985
• 3.10 Distinction between Quasi‐Judicial and Administrative functions
• 3.11 Distinction between Tribunals and Courts of Law

Unit 4: Judicial Review

• 4.1 Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court and High Court
• 4.2 Rules restricting judicial review – locus standi, laches, resjudicata, exhaustion of Alternative/administrative remedies, no dismissal of petition – without speaking order finality of administrative action
• 4.3 Violation of Procedural norms
• 4.4 Remedies in judicial Review – writs

Unit 5: Liability of Administration, Public Undertakings and Constitutional Protection

• of Civil Servants
• 5.1 Nature and purpose of Public Interest Litigation, Lows Standi, procedure, class actions
• 5.2 Liability of the Administration in Contract
• 5.3 Liability of Administration in Fort
• 5.4 Privileges and Immunities of the Administration in suits
• 5.5 Statutory Public Corporations, its characteristics, classifications, liability, status of employers control of statutory corporations – Government companies
• 5.6 Ombudsman meaning and objectives, development in England, U.S.A. and India
• 5.7 Constitutional Protections of civil servants

Unit 1: Introduction and Incorporation of a Company

• 1.1 Meaning of Company – characteristics - lifting the corporate veil
• 1.2 Kinds and Types of Company
• 1.3 Promoters - position - duties and liabilities
• 1.4 Incorporation – Registration – Certificate of Incorporation
• 1.5 Memorandum of association - various clauses - alteration therein - doctrine of ultra vires Articles of association - binding force alteration - its relations with memorandum of association - doctrine of constructive notice and indoor management and its exceptions

Unit 2: Prospectus, Shareholders, Membership

• 2.1 Prospectus - issue - contents - liability for misstatements - statement in lieu of prospectus
• liability of misstatement or untrue statement in prospectus
• 2.2 Shares, meaning, definition, characteristics, classifications, distinction, allotment, transfer and transmission of shares, share certificate, share warrant, stock and shares, share at discount, call on shares, forfeiture of shares
• 2.3 Members, modes of acquiring membership, shareholders, their rights, duties and liabilities
• 2.4 Meeting – Kinds of Meeting – Shareholders Meeting – Resolutions 2.5Majority rule, oppression of minority shareholders, protection of minority against oppression and mismanagement

Unit 3: Debentures and Directors

• 3.1 Debenture, meaning, definition, nature and classification, creation of charges, fixed and floating charges, conversion, distinction between debenture and share
• 3.2 Directors - position - appointment - qualifications, removal, resignation - powers and duties of directors – directors meeting, Director Identification Number

Unit 4: Finance, Audit and Winding Up

• 4.1 Auditor, Auditors, appointment, removal, rights, duties and liabilities, Audit Committee Constitution of National Financial Reporting Authority
• 4.2 Corporate Social Responsibility
• 4.3 Winding up, meaning, definition, classification, consequences, liquidator, contributory etc
• 4.4 Liability of past members - payment of liabilities

Unit 5: Other Administrative Regulations

• 5.1 National Company Law Tribunal
• 5.2 Establishment of Serious Fraud Investigation Office
• 5.3 SEBI (Security Exchange Board India)

Course Content

• Students will acquire basic ideas on skills of drafting different kinds of pleading under various statutes of the country
• Students will learn about different kinds of property deeds
• Before entering into the actual field of advocacy the students will learn about the skills of drafting which is fundamental to all the practicing advocates Drafting: General principles of drafting and relevant substantive rules shall be taught Pleadings: Pleadings in general, object of pleadings and fundamental rules of pleadings
• Suit for recovery under order XXXVII of the Code of Civil Procedure 1908
• Suit for Permanent Injunction
• Application for Temporary Injunction under Order 39 Rules 1 & 2 of the CPC
• Application under Order 39, Rule 2‐A of the CPC
• Suit for Ejectment and Damages for Wrongful Use and Occupation
• Petition for Restitution of Conjugal Rights under S.9 of the Hindu Marriage Act 1955
• Petition for Judicial Separation under S.10 of the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955
• Petition for Dissolution of Marriage by Decree of Divorce under S.13 & S.13 B (1) of the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955
• Petition for Grant of Probate in High Court
• Petition for Grant of Letters of Administration
• Contempt Petition under Ss. 11 & 12 of the Contempt of Courts Act, 1971 before High Court
• Writ petition under Article 32 and 226 of Constitution of India
• Caveat under S. 148‐A of CPC
• Caveat for Special Leave Petition (Civil) under Article 136 of the Constitution of India
• Special Leave Petition (civil) under Article 136 of the Constitution of India
• Counter Affidavit in Special Leave Petition (Civil)
• Application for Bail
• Application for Grant of Anticipatory Bail
• Complaint under S. 138 of the Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881
• Application U/S. 125 of Cr.PC
• Special Leave Petition (Criminal) under Article 136 of the Constitution of India
• Transfer Petition (Civil) U/S. 25 of CPC
• Curative Petition under Articles 129, 137, 141 and 142 of the Constitution of India
• Complaint under the Consumer Protection Act, 1986 Conveyancing: Conveyancing in general, objects of conveyancing and component parts of a deed
• Sale deed
• Mortgage deed
• Lease deed
• Gift deed
• Promissory note
• Power of attorney – general and special power of attorney
• Will
• Trust deed
• Relinquishment deed
• Partnership deed
• Deed of dissolution partnership
• Hire‐purchase agreement
• Deed of family settlement between rival claimants of an estate
• Notice of ejectment to the tenant under S. 106 of the T.P. Act., 1982
• Notice under S. 80 of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908

Unit 1: Introduction to Penology

• Definition of Penology Punishment – Concept Theories of punishments

Unit 2: Capital Punishment

• 2.1 Capital Punishment in India
• 2.2 Constitutionality of Capital Punishment
• 2.3 Judicial Trend

Unit 3: Sentencing and Imprisonment

• 3.1 Approaches to Sentencing
• 3.2 Alternatives to Imprisonment – Probation – Compensation – Fines Imprisonment - Jail System - Classification of Prisoners - Open Prison

Unit 4: The Police System

• 4.1 Police Force in India
• 4.2 The role of Police
• 4.3 Functions of Police

Unit 5: Victimology

• 5:1 Need for Compensation
• 5:2 Compensation and Rehabilitation
• 5:3 Compensation as a Mode of Punishment
• 5:4 Constitutional Perspective of Compensation

Unit 1: Introduction

• 1.1 Root causes of violence against women - Religion, patriarchy, marriage institution and changing cultural values
• 1.2 Perpetuation of violence: Social Evils – Prostitution, Sati, child marriages, female foeticide and infanticide, witchcraft, incest
• 1.3 International norms relating to protection of women and children against violence: CEDAW, United Nations Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women, 1993
• 1.4 Women rights under Constitution of India

Unit 2: Protective provisions under IPC

• 2.1 Rape
• 2.2 Bigamy
• 2.3 Mock marriages
• 2.4 Enticing a married woman
• 2.5 Offences against minor girls

Unit 3: Women Welfare Laws

• 3.1 Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act, 1956 (1986 Amendment)
• 3.2 Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act, 1971
• 3.3 Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005
• 3.4 Sexual Harrasment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act 2016
• 3.5 Uniform Civil Code towards gender justice

Unit 4: Labour Welfare Legislations

• 4.1 Safety/Health Measures, Provision for crèche, Work timing, restriction of dangerous work under Protection of Women under Factories Act, 1948, Beedi and Cigar Workers (Conditions of Employment) Act, 1966
• 4.2 Provisions of Maternity Benefit Act, 1961 with recent amendments

Unit 5: Role of Statutory Bodies

• 5.1 National Commission for Women
• 5.2 State Commissions for Women
• 5.3 Legal aid to women

Unit 1: Introduction on Banking System

• 1.1 History of Banking
• 1.2 Nationalisation of major banks
• 1.3 Bank, Banking and Banking Regulation
• 1.4 Different types of Banks including foreign companies
• 1.5 Structure and function of Banking Institutions -The different types of Banks viz. Central Bank, Commercial bank, Co -operative Bank, Specialized Banks, Regional Rural Banks NABARD, (Overview)

Unit 2: Relationship between Banker and Customer

• 2.1 Definition of Banker & Customer
• 2.2 Relationship between them-special types of customer-Banker as Borrower
• 2.3 Different types of accounts
• 2.4 Duties and rights of the Banker and different types of instruments
• 2.5 Banker- paying Banker and Collecting Banker

Unit 3: Banking Regulations and RBI

• 3.1 Reserve Bank of India – Organization structure of RBI
• 3.2 Functions of the Reserve Bank – Primary and Secondary Functions
• 3.3 Banking Regulation Act, 1949 as per the new provisions of the Banking Laws (Amendment Act, 2012)

Unit 4: Subsidiary Business Operations of Bankers

• 4.1 Subsidiary business operations of bankers with special reference to safety deposit lockers
• 4.2 Liability of banker in case of bank robberies and fraud by bank employees
• 4.3 Vicarious liability of the bank employees
• 4.4 Vicarious liability of the bank
• 4.5 Recovery of loans and advances
• 4.6 Recovery of debts due to banks
• 4.7 Effect of winding up of Banking Companies
• 4.8 Rights of customers on winding up of companies
• 4.9 Necessity for reforms in Indian Banking Law to meet global challenges
• 4.10 Banking ombudsman
• 4.11 Debt Recovery Tribunal

Unit 5: E – Banking System

• 5.1 Concept of E-Banking
• 5.2 Importance of E-Banking
• 5.3 EFT (Electronic Fund Transfer) - NEFT (National Electronic Fund Transfer) - RTGS (Real Time Gross Settlement) - IMPS (Immediate Payment Service) - UPI (Unified Payments Interface) - Difference between NEFT, RTGS & IMPS
• 5.4 Virtual Currency
• 5.5 Automated Clearing House
• 5.6 Automated Ledger Posting

Unit 1: Introduction on Insurance

• 1.1 Historical Development of Insurance in India
• 1.2 Nationalization of Insurance in India – LIC Act, 1956, General Insurance Act, 1972 Insurance Act, 1938, Insurance Regulatory Development Authority Act, 2000
• 1.3 The Risk – Peril – Hazard – Kinds of Risk
• 1.4 Kinds of Insurance

Unit 2: Principles of Insurance

• 2.1 Insurance as a Contract - Nature of insurance contract
• 2.2 General Principles – Duty to Disclose (Uberrima Fides), Principle of Proximate Causa Principle of Indemnity – Principle of Insurable Interest – Principle of Subrogation – Wager and Insurance

Unit 3: Life Insurance

• 3.1 Nature and scope
• 3.2 Principles Applicable in life insurance contract
• 3.3 Amounts recoverable under life policy – Surrender Value
• 3.4 Assignment – Nomination
• 3.5 Personal Accident Insurance – Kinds of Death
• 3.6 Medical Insurance

Unit 4: Fire and Marine Insurance

• 4.1 Characteristics of fire insurance
• 4.2 Principles applicable in fire insurance
• 4.3 Nature of damage of properties due to fire
• 4.4 Consumer insurance – fire in factory – fire in shop
• 4.5 Marine Insurance – Definition – Principles applicable in marine insurance
• 4.6 Assignment of policy
• 4.7 Pirates – thieves – freight – goods

Unit 5: Motor Vehicle Insurance

• 5.1 Nature of motor vehicle insurance
• 5.2 Motor vehicle Act, 1988
• 5.3 No fault compensation – interim compensation
• 5.4 Statutory Liability – enhancement of compensation – maximum limit of compensation
• 5.5 Third party’s rights against insurers – liability of insured to insurer – defences of insurer under third party claim

Unit 1: Introduction on Labour

• 1.1 Labour through the ages - slave labour - guild system - division on class basis - labour during feudal days
• 1.2 Labour – capital conflicts: Profit motive, exploitation of labour, poor working conditions poor bargaining power, unorganized labour, surplus labour, division of labour and super specialization
• 1.3 From Laissez faire to Welfare State: Transition from exploitation to protection and from contract to status
• 1.4 International Labour Standards and their implementation

Unit 2: Trade Union and Factories Act

• 2.1 Right to trade union as part of human right to freedom of association
• 2.2 Role of trade unions in the changing economic scenario
• 2.3 The Indian Trade Union Act, 1926
• 2.4 History of trade union movement in India, trade unionism, need, objects, types and functions
• 2.5 Registration of trade unions, rights and privileges of a registered trade union, advantages of registration
• 2.6 Preliminary, manufacturing process, factory, occupier, the inspecting staff
• 2.7 Health and cleanliness measures, safety arrangement measures in factory

Unit 3: Law Relating to Industrial Disputes

• 3.1 Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 - Conceptual conundrum: industry, industrial dispute workmen
• 3.2 Preliminary: appropriate government, industry, industrial dispute vs. individual dispute public utility service, workman
• 3.3 Dispute settlement machinery: Conciliation officers, Board of Conciliation, labour court Industrial Tribunal and National Tribunal – duties and powers; Reference for adjudication and Voluntary Arbitration; Award and its binding nature and judicial review of awards
• 3.4 Powers of the Adjudicatory Authorities - Power In Cases of Discharge/Dismissal (Section 11A)

Unit 4: Code of Wages

• 4.1 Objective and Purposes of Code of Wages
• 4.2 Meaning and Definition of Appropriate Government, Contractor, Contract Labour Interstate Migrant Labour - Employer, Employee, Minimum Wage, Wages
• 4.3 Minimum Wages – Kinds of Wages – Fixation of Minimum Wages – Fixation and Revising of Wages – Power of Central Govt. to fix Floor Wage – Minimum Working Hours Overtime Payment – Leave Encashment
• 4.4 Payment of Wages and its mode – Deduction of Wage – Recovery of Loan
• 4.5 Payment of Bonus - Eligibility of Bonus – Disqualification for Bonus – Various Ways of Payment of Wages – Settlement of Allocable Surplus

Unit 5: Social Security Laws and Protection of Weaker Sections Labours

• 5.1 Objective and Purposes of Code on Social Security, 2020
• 5.2 Meaning And Definition Of Appropriate Government, "Building Or Other Construction Work, Building Worker, Career Centre, Contract Labour , Employer, Employee, Employment Injury, Inter -State Migrant Worker, Permanent Partial Disablement, Permanent Total Disablement, Social Security
• 5.3 Registration of Establishment
• 5.4 Constitution Of National Social Security Board For Unorganised Workers – Powers Functions And Duties Of Social Security Board For Unorganized Workers - State Unorganised Workers' Board - Powers, Functions And Duties Of State Unorganised Workers' Board
• 5.5 Constitution of State Building Workers’ Welfare Boards – Powers, Functions and Duties
• Disqualification and Removal of A Member Of Any Social Security Organisation
• 5.6 Supersession of Corporation
• 5.7 Employee's Compensation – Employers’ Liability To Pay For Compensation – Amount Of Compensation – Calculation Of Compensation – Insolvency Of Employer – Appointment Of Competent Authority For Payment Of Compensation

Unit 1: Nature and Development of International Law

• 1.1 Definition and concept of International law
• 1.2 Sources of International law
• 1.3 History, Development and Schools of International law
• 1.4 Law of Nature and its influence on the development of International law
• 1.5 Relationship of International law and Municipal law

Unit 2: The Law of Peace

• 2.1 States in General
• 2.2 Recognition of states
• 2.3 State succession
• 2.4 Intervention
• 2.5 Law of Sea and Air law
• 2.6 Extradition
• 2.7 Asylum
• 2.8 Diplomatic Agents
• 2.9 Laws of Treaties, including its formation, classification, ratification, termination and binding forces

Unit 3: The Law of War

• 3.1 Settlement of International Dispute
• 3.2 Laws of Armed conflicts and its effect including insurgency and belligerency, Four Geneva covenants of 1949 including its Additional Protocol of 1977
• 3.3 Enemy character
• 3.4 Belligerent occupation
• 3.4 Prize court
• 3.6 War Crimes and Role of ICRC
• 3.7 The Termination of war
• 3.8 International Terrorism
• 3.9 Concept of International Humanitarian Law

Unit 4: The Law of Neutrality

• 4.1 Neutrality
• 4.2 Blockade
• 4.3 Contraband
• 4.4 Disarmament

Unit 5: International Organizations

• 5.1 Origin, Development role and functions
• 5.2 The League of Nations
• 5.3 The United Nations Organizations and its organs
• 5.4 International Court of justice
• 5.5 International Criminal Court

Unit 1: International Conventions for the Protection of Environment

• 1.1 Stockholm Conference 1972
• 1.2 Rio Earth Summit, 1992
• 1.3 World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD), 2002
• 1.4 U.N. Commission on Sustainable Development
• 1.5 Kyota Conference
• 1.6 Johannesburg Declaration on Sustainable Development
• 1.7 Copenhagen Summit
• 1.8 Brundtland Commission
• 1.9 Montreal Protocol

Unit 2: Constitutional Provisions of Environmental Law

• 2.1 Meaning and definition of environment and pollution
• 2.2 Kinds of pollution
• 2.3 Significance of environmental Law
• 2.4 Global issues of depletion of ozone layer and global warming ( greenhouse effect) importance of greenhouse effect and global warming and action plan Territory law, Constitutional provisions concerning environment Articles 14, 15(2), 19 (e) 21, 32, 38, 39, 42, 47, 48-A, 49, 51, 51-A

Unit 3: Protective Laws for Environmental Pollution (Part I)

• 3.1 Environment (Protection) Act 1986 - Definition and Salient features of the Environmental Protection Act - hazardous and non-hazardous substances - Power and function of Central Govt. - Prevention, Offences and penalties of Environment pollution
• 3.2 The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 - Meaning of Water Pollution
• Sources of Water Pollution - Central Pollution Control Board - State Pollution Control Board - Prevention and Control of Water Pollution - Offences and Penalties
• 3.3 The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 - Meaning of Air Pollution Sources of Sources of Pollution - Effects of Air Pollution - Central pollution Control Board State Pollution Control Board - Prevention and Control of Air Pollution - Offences and Penalties

Unit 4: Protective Laws for Environmental Pollution (Part II)

• 4.1 The National Environment Appellate Authority Act, 1997
• 4.2 Principle of no fault and the Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991 liability
• 4.3 National Green Tribunal Act, 2010
• 4.4 Forest Conservation Act, 1980

Unit 5: Remedies and Judicial Activism for Protection of Environment

• 5.1 Remedies under law of Torts – Nuisance – Negligence – Trespass - Strict Liability Absolute Liability – Damages – Injunction
• 5.2 Criminal remedies - Indian Penal Code - Code of Criminal procedure
• 5.3 Public interest litigation for environmental protection - New dynamic role of the Judiciary

Unit 1: Introduction

• 1.1 Law and Legal profession
• 1.2 Development of Legal profession in India
• 1.3 Aim and Objective of Professional Ethics
• 1.4 Need for the Professional Accounting System
• 1.5 Right to practice a right or privilege?

Unit 2: Regulation Governing Enrolment and Practice

• 2.1 Regulation governing enrolment and practice
• 2.2 Practice of Law
• 2.3 Ethics
• 2.4 Seven lamps of advocacy
• 2.5 Advocates duties towards Public, Clients, Court, towards other advocates
• 2.6 Legal Aid, Bar Council of Ethics
• 2.7 Disciplinary Proceedings
• 2.8 Professional Misconduct – Disqualifications
• 2.9 Functions of Bar Council of India/State Bar Council
• 2.10 Disciplinary proceedings, Disciplinary Committee, Disqualifications

Unit 3: Bar - Bench Relations

• 3.1 Bar - Bench Relations
• 3.2 Accountancy of Lawyers: Nature and functions of accounting 3.3Important branches of accounting and Bar Bench Relations
• 3.4 Accounting and Law
• 3.5 Use of knowledge of accountancy in Legal Disputes especially arising out of Law of Contracts
• 3.6 Tax Law, etc., Accountancy in Lawyers office / firm
• 3.7 Basic financial statements
• 3.8 Income & Loss account
• 3.9 Balance sheet - Interpretation thereof
• 3.10 Feature of Balance sheet Standard Costing

Unit 1: Introduction to Mass Media

• 1.1 Types of media – press, radio, television, films
• 1.2 Ownership patterns – private and public
• 1.3 Difference between visual and non - visual media
• 1.4 Role of media in human life

Unit 2: Radio and Television

• 2.1 Radio and Television - Government Monopoly
• 2.2 Effect of television on people
• 2.3 Report of the Chanda Committee
• 2.4 Government Policy
• 2.5 Commercial advertisement

Unit 3: Freedom of Speech and Expression to Press

• 3.1 Freedom of speech and expression under Art 19 (1) (a)
• 3.2 Media Personal Privileges
• 3.3 Laws of defamation, Provisions embodied in the Indian Penal Code, obscenity, Indecent
• 3.4 Representation Act, 1986, blasphemy and sedition
• 3.5 Broadcasting and its privileges , Performer’s Rights, Indian Copy Right Act as amended
• 3.6 Censorship of films Indian Copy Right Act as amended

Unit 4: Constitutional Provisions

• 4.1 Power to legislate – Article 246 read with the seventh schedule
• 4.2 Privacy Laws in India
• 4.3 Power to impose tax – licensing and license fee

Unit 5: Judiciary and Media

• 5.1 Judicial recognition of Right to Information
• 5.2 Salient futures of Right to Information Act
• 5.3 Leading decisions pertaining to media and law

Unit 1: Development of RTI in India

• 1.1 Development of RTI movement in India, Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan
• 1.2 Importance & Necessity of Right to Information
• 1.3 Classification of Information
• 1.4 Right to Information in India
• 1.5 Legal & Constitutional Perspective

Unit 2: Constitutional and Other Legal Rights

• 2.1 Fundamental Rights – Article 19 - Article 21 and its Interpretation
• 2.2 Right to know – Right to be informed - Right to Information
• 2.3 Right to Information Vis - a – Vis Right to life
• 2.4 Right to Information - in Consumer Laws
• 2.5 Right to Information in Environmental Laws
• 2.6 Right to Information Administrative Law
• 2.7 Right to Information Criminal Law

Unit 3: Right to Information Act

• 3.1 Procedure to file Application
• 3.2 First Appeal
• 3.3 Second Appeal
• 3.4 Penal provisions, etc
• 3.5 Central Information Commission
• 3.6 State Information Commissions
• 3.7 Powers and Functions
• 3.8 The Assam Right to Information Act, 2001

Unit 4: Right to Information & Public Interest Litigation

• 4.1 Expanded Locus Standi
• 4.2 Writ Jurisdiction
• 4.3 Social Justice and Accountability
• 4.4 Pro Bono Advocacy

Unit 5: Role of Judiciary

• 5.1 Issues relating corruption in Administration
• 5.2 Various Anti - Corruption Laws
• 5.3 Whistleblowers Protection Act

Unit 1: Introduction on IPR and International Conventions

• 1.1 Meaning of intellectual property
• 1.2 Introduction to Intellectual property – Concept – Theories, Types of Intellectual property Economic importance of Intellectual property
• 1.3 International Conventions - World Intellectual Property Rights Organization (WIPO) TRIPS Agreement, the Berne Convention, Paris Convention, Universal Copyright Convention, Patent Cooperation Treaty

Unit 2: Law on Copyright

• 2.1 Understanding of Copyright – Idea Expression Dichotomy
• 2.2 Works in Which Copyright Subsists
• 2.3 Copyright – Bundle of Rights
• 2.4 Ownership and Authorship – Assignment – Compulsory Licenses
• 2.5 Copy Right Societies - Rights of Broadcasting Organizations and of Performers – Moral Rights of Performers
• 2.6 Acts Constituting and not Constituting Infringement - Remedies for Infringement

Unit 3: Law on Patent

• 3.1 Object of Patent System, Definitions – Salient Features- Patentable and Non - Patentable Inventions
• 3.2 Product Patent, Process Patent - Persons Entitled to apply for Patents - Provisional and Complete Specifications, Opposing grant of Patent - Patent Office – Powers of Controller Grant and Sealing of Patents
• 3.3 Rights of Patentees - Rights of Co - Owners of Patents - Term of Patent - Patents of Addition Register of Patents - Amendment of Applications and Specifications, Restoration of Lapsed Patents - Rights of Patentees of Lapsed Patents which have been restored
• 3.4 Surrender and Revocation of Patents
• 3.5 Rights of Licenses
• 3.6 Acquisition of Inventions by Central Government

Unit 4: Trademark and Geographical Indications

• 4.1 Object, Definition, Salient Features, Marks Registrable and Non – Registrable
• 4.2 Conditions for Registration Absolute and Relative Grounds for Refusal of Registration
• 4.3 Procedure and Duration of Registration - Effects of Registration - Powers and Functions of Registrar
• 4.4 Distinctiveness, Deceptive Similarity, Collective Marks
• 4.5 Infringement & Passing off Action of Trade mark
• 4.6 Protecting Domain Names as Trade Marks
• 4.7 Objects, Definitions, Conditions for Registration under Geographical Indication of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999
• 4.8 Conditions for Registration, Prohibition of Registration of Certain Geographical Indications Duration of Registration - Effects of Registration
• 4.9 Appeal, offences, penalties, suits for infringement

Unit 5: Industrial Designs

• 5.1 Designs Act, 2000 - Definitions – Registrations of Designs
• 5.2 Copyright in Registered Designs
• 5.3 Registration of design for articles
• 5.4 Rights in registered design
• 5.5 Cancellation of Design
• 5.6 Infringement of copyright in Design

Unit 1: Basic Concepts

• 1.1 Introduction Basic Concepts –Constitutional aspect of Elimination of Concentration of Wealth and Distribution of Resources Article 39 (b) (c)
• 1.2 Relation between Competition Policy and Competition Law
• 1.3 Objectives of Competition Act, 2002 - Salient feature of Competition Act
• 1.4 History and Development of Competition Law
• 1.5 Liberalization and Globalization - Raghavan Committee Report
• 1.6 Difference between MRTP Act and Competition Act
• 1.7 Competition Law and WTO

Unit 2: Anti Competitive Agreements

• 2.1 Anti-Competitive Agreements, Anti- Horizontal and Vertical agreement
• 2.2 Rule of per se and Reason
• 2.3 Appreciable Adverse Effect on Competition (AAEC) in India
• 2.4 Exemption, Prohibition of Anti-competitive agreement
• 2.5 Regulation of Abuse of Dominant Position Enterprise
• 2.6 Relevant Market - Dominance in Relevant Market
• 2.7 Abuse of dominance
• 2.8 Predatory Pricing
• 2.9 Anti-Trust Laws

Unit 3: Merger and Acquisition

• 3.1 Merger, Acquisition, Amalgamation
• 3.2 Horizontal, Vertical and Conglomerate Mergers
• 3.3 Combinations covered under the Competition Act, 2002
• 3.4 Regulations, Penalties

Unit 4: Enforcement Mechanism

• 4.1 Establishment and Constitution of Competition Commission of India
• 4.2 Powers and Functions - Jurisdiction of the CCI
• 4.3 Adjudication and appeals
• 4.4 Competition Appellate Tribunal

Unit 5: Interface between Intellectual Property, Competition Law and Consumer

• Protection Law
• 5.1 Conflict between Intellectual Property Rights and Competition Law
• 5.2 IPR and market power – Abuse of Dominance in context of IP
• 5.3 Domestic Law and International Harmonization on IP rights and competition – relevant provisions of TRIPS Agreement
• 5.4 Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practice under Consumer Protection Law
• 5.5 Rights of Consumer and Competition Law

Unit 1: Trade Union and Factories Act

• 1.1 Change of Name and Amalgamation
• 1.2 Dissolution of Trade Union
• 1.3 Power of Appropriate Government To Make Regulation
• 1.4 Penalties and Procedure
• 1.5 Constitution of Site Appraisal Committee Relating To Hazardous Procedure At Factories
• 1.6 Disclosure of Information by the Occupier
• 1.7 Responsibility of the Occupier In Relation To Hazardous Processes
• 1.8 Right of Workers to Warn About Imminent Danger
• 1.9 Welfare Facilities for Workers
• 1.10 Working Hours of Adult Workers
• 1.11 Rules Pertaining To Employment of Young Labours
• 1.12 Wages Policies during Leave
• 1.13 Power of State Government
• 1.4 Offences and Liability

Unit 2: Law Relating To Industrial Disputes

• 2.1 Strikes and Lock -Outs - Prohibition of Strikes and Lock -Outs - Illegal Strikes and Lock Outs
• 2.2 Lay – Off
• 2.3 Right of Workmen Laid-Off For Compensation
• 2.4 Penalty for Illegal Strikes and Lock-Outs
• 2.5 Duty of an Employer to Maintain Muster Rolls of Workmen
• 2.6 Penalty for Lay-Off and

Unit 3: Retrenchment and Unfair Labour Practices

• 3.1 Retrenchment - Continuous Service
• 3.2 Conditions Precedent to Retrenchment - Compensation to Workmen
• 3.3 Procedure for Retrenchment – Re – Employment of Retrenched Workmen
• 3.4 Penalty for Retrenchment without Previous Permission
• 3.5 Unfair Labour Practices - Domestic Enquiry and Disciplinary Actions with Special Reference to the Industrial Employment (Standing Orders) Act, 1946
• 3.6 Restraints on Managerial Prerogatives (Section 33 and 33A)

Unit 4: Code of Wages

• 4.1 Establishment of Central Advisory Board and State Advisory Boards
• 4.2 Payment of Various Dues to the Employees
• 4.3 Auditing Of Profit And Loss of Employers
• 4.4 Inspector-Cum-Facilitators and Their Powers
• 4.5 Power of Officers of Appropriate Government
• 4.6 Penalties for Offences
• 4.7 Suits and Appeals

Unit 5: Social Security Laws and Protection of Weaker Sections Labours

• 5.1 Social Security for Unorganised Workers - Framing of Schemes for Unorganised Workers by Central and State Government – Fundings Of scheme
• 5.2 Registration of Unorganized Workers
• 5.3 Maintenance of Records - Audit and Accounting
• 5.4 Role of Social Security Organizations
• 5.5 Holding of Assets and Properties by the Social Security Organizations
• 5.6 Penalty For Non – Payment
• 5.7 Power, Functions and Duties of Appropriate Government

Unit 1: Introduction to Tax System

• 1.1 Introduction of Tax
• 1.2 Characteristics and Classification of Taxes
• 1.3 Kinds of Taxes
• 1.4 Merits and Demerits of Direct and Indirect Taxes
• 1.5 Single Taxation and Multiple Taxation – Advantages and Disadvantages of Multiple Taxation

Unit 2: Income Tax

• 2.1 Introduction to Income Tax Act, 1961 - Constitutional Validity - Basic Concepts and Definitions - Capital and Revenue Receipts - Basis of Charge and Scope of Total Income Residential Status and Incidence of Tax (Excluding Section 9a)
• 2.2 Income, Which Do Not Form Part of Total Income [Sec. 10, 11 to 13a] Heads Of Income And Computation Of Total Income And Tax Liability – Salaries - Income From House Property - Profits And Gains Of Business Or Profession - Capital Gains Income From Other Sources
• 2.3 Clubbing Provisions, Set off and Carry Forward of Losses, Deductions - Income of Other Persons Included in Assessee’s Total Income - Aggregation of Income and Set off and Carry Forward of Losses - Deductions in Computing Total Income - Rebate and Reliefs Applicable Rates of Tax and Tax Liability
• 2.4 Assessment of Income and Tax Liability of Different Persons - Taxation of Individual HUF- Firms, LLP and Association of Persons - Co-Operatives Societies

Unit 3: Goods and Services Tax

• 3.1 Concept and History of Goods and Services Tax – Need For GST
• 3.2 GST and Centre-State Financial Relations
• 3.3 Constitutional Amendment
• 3.4 Salient Features of GST
• 3.5 Supply of Goods
• 3.6 Who May Register Under GST – Compulsory Registration – Procedure, Cancellation Revocation
• 3.7 Integrated Goods and Service Tax (IGST) - Basic Features of IGST Levy
• 3.8 Filing of GST Compensation Act
• 3.9 State Goods and Services Act, 2017

Unit 4: Wealth Tax

• 4.1 Definitions of Asset
• 4.2 Net Wealth
• 4.3 Valuation Date Deemed Assets
• 4.4 Exempted Assets

Unit 5: Taxation Authorities of India

• 5.1 Settlement of Cases under Income Tax Authorities
• 5.2 Appeals and Revisions under Income Tax Authorities
• 5.3 Penalties, Offences and Prosecution under Income Tax Authorities
• 5.4 Role of GST Council
• 5.5 Power of Inspection, Search and Seizure, Arrest under GST Law
• 5.6 Advance Ruling – Appellate Authority – National Appellate Authority
• 5.7 Constitution of Appellate Tribunal under GST Law
• 5.8 Powers and Functions of Appellate Tribunal
• 5.9 Appeals to High Court and Supreme Court

Course Content

• Moot court exercise helps law students to attain better position in the legal profession by raising their standards
• They will be inspired and encouraged to improve their aptitude and strength in the topic
• After receiving quality guidance from these training sessions, which will educate them during their practical field
• Additionally, proper court etiquette, attire, and legal terminology will be observed, all of which are prerequisites for appearing before India's Honourable Courts
• It helps students in understanding court processes and provide them with additional useful court information
• A) Moot Court - 30 Marks 1) Three Moot Courts Cases
• B) Observance of Trial in Two Cases, one civil and the criminal case - 30 marks
• C) Interviewing Techniques and Pre - trial Preparation and Internship Diary - 30 Marks

Unit 1: Origin and Development of Human Rights

• 1.1 Characteristics of Human Rights
• 1.2 Evolution of Human Rights
• 1.3 Classification of Human Rights
• 1.4 Theories of Human Rights

Unit 2: United Nations and Human Rights

• 2.1 United Declaration of Human Rights
• 2.2 International Covenants on Human Rights
• 2.3 Amnesty International
• 2.4 International Court of Justice

Unit 3: Civil and Political Rights

• 3.1 The Rights to life, Liberty and security of person
• 3.2 Abolition of slavery and slavery – life practice
• 3.3 Protection against torture and other forms of cruelty inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment
• 3.4 Protection against arbitrary arrest and detention
• 3.5 Freedom of thoughts, Conscience and Religion or Belief Provisions of the United Nations Instructions
• 3.6 The rights of everyone to take part in the Government of his country – Right to Vote Right to contest election – Election Commission – Representation of the People’s Act Elections to Local self – Government

Unit 4: Socio, Economic and Cultural Rights

• 4.1 Rights to work – Provisions on ILO – Child Labour – Bonded Labour
• 4.2 Right to education – UNESCO – Conventions - Educational rights of Women and Children
• 4.3 Right to health – WHO - Global Strategy - Health of women and children Human Rights and Vulnerable Groups

Unit 5: Enforcement of Human Rights

• 5.1 Human Rights Commission in India
• 5.2 Role of Judiciary in protecting human rights

Unit 1: Introduction

• 1.1 Introduction & development of health laws in India
• 1.2 National policies on health in India

Unit 2: Constitutional Provisions

• 2.1 Constitutional provisions in protecting health
• 2.2 Right to health as emergent from parts III and IV of the Constitution of India

Unit 3: Health Laws in India

• 3.1 Laws of Health of Citizen of India
• 3.2 Reproductive Health and Surrogacy Laws
• 3.3 Access to Medicare
• 3.4 Mental health care
• 3.5 Health Insurance in India - Employee’s Health Insurance Corporation

Unit 4: Role of Govt. in Protecting Health

• 4.1 Steps taken by the government
• 4.2 Rural health care
• 4.3 Health of marginalized Groups

Unit 5: Role of Judiciary in Protecting Health

• 5.1 Judicial Protection of Healthcare Medicare in India
• 5.2 Medical negligence cases

Unit 1: Basic Concepts on Corporate Governance

• 1.1 Corporate governance- meaning and structure 1. Corporate governance v Public Governance
• 1.3 Concept of corporate governance and stakeholders
• 1.4 Principles of corporate Governance – OECD principles

Unit 2: Historical Development of Corporate Governance in India

• 2.1 Kumar Mangalam Birla Committee
• 2.2 Naresh Chandra Committee
• 2.3 N.R. Narayana Murthy Committee Report (2003)
• 2.4 Dr. J J Irani Expert Committee Report on Company Law (2005)
• 2.5 Corporate Governance Voluntary Guidelines, 2009

Unit 3: Decision System of a Corporate

• 3.1 Introduction to decision system at corporate
• 3.2 Role of shareholders
• 3.3 Separation of owners from management
• 3.4 Directors
• 3.5 Role of Board of Directors and Management
• 3.6 Powers exercisable only by the Board of Directors
• 3.7 Powers exercisable at Annual General Meeting
• 3.8 Responsibilities of the Board

Unit 4: Corporate Fraud and Crime

• 4.1 Organizational Crime
• 4.2 Corporate business crime
• 4.3 Protection of fraud in India
• 4.4 Characteristics of fraud
• 4.5 Role of Serious Fraud Investigation office (SFIO)
• 4.6 SEBI (Prohibition of Fraudulent and Unfair Trade Practices relating to Securities Market) Regulations, 2003

Unit 5: National Voluntary Guidelines on Social, Environmental & Economic

• Responsibilities of Business
• 5.1 New guideline to strengthen and enable the Indian corporate sector to evolve into a global leader in responsible business
• 5.2 Ministry of Corporate Affairs will help the corporate sector in their efforts towards inclusive development in Dec 2009

Unit I: Foundations of Information Technology, Cyberspace and Law

• 1.1 Concept of Information Technology
• 1.2 Concept of Cyber Law and Cyber Space-Interface of Technology
• 1.3 Online and Internet resources
• 1.4 Cyber Crime and Cyber Law in India

Unit II: Information Technology Act, 2000

• 2.1 Information Technology Act, 2000 - History, Aims and Objects of the Act - Jurisdiction Electronic Governance and essence of the Act
• 2.2 Legal Recognition of Electronic Records and Electronic Evidence - Digital Signature Certificates – Securing Electronic records and secure digital signatures - Duties of Subscribers - Offences and Contraventions
• 2.3 Role of Certifying Authorities - Regulators under the Act. - The Cyber Regulations Appellate Tribunal
• 2.4 Internet Service Providers and their Liability - Powers of Police under the Act - Impact of the Act on other Laws

Unit III: E-Commerce and Intermediary Liability

• 3.1 E -Commerce - UNCITRAL Model Law - Legal aspects of E -Commerce - Digital Signatures - Technical and Legal issues
• 3.2 E -Commerce, Trends and Prospects – E-taxation, E -banking, online publishing and online credit card payment
• 3.3 Employment Contracts – E-Contractor Agreements, Sales, Re -Seller and Distributor Agreements
• 3.4 Non- Disclosure Agreements- Shrink Wrap Contract, Source Code, Escrow Agreements etc

Unit IV: IPR, Data Protection and Privacy Concerns

• 4.1 Cyber Law and IPRs -Understanding Copyright in Information Technology - Software Copyrights vs Patents debate - Authorship and Assignment Issues - Copyright in Internet
• 4.2 Multimedia and Copyright issues - Software Piracy – Patents - Understanding Patents European Position on Computer related Patents - Legal position of U.S. on Computer related Patents - Indian Position on Computer related Patents
• 4.3 Trademarks - Trademarks in Internet - Domain name registration - Domain Name Disputes & WIPO
• 4.4 Databases in Information Technology - Protection of databases - Position in USA,EU and India

Unit V: New Emerging Issues of IT

• 5.1 Cloud Competing
• 5.2 Artificial Intelligence
• 5.3 Big Data
• 5.4 Block chain etc

Unit 1: Introduction to cyber space and international conventions

• 1.1 Meaning of Cyber and Cyber Law
• 1.2 Need of cyber law
• 1.3 Cyber space
• 1.4 Regulation of cyber space – rise of global computer network
• 1.5 Jurisdictional issues – Roles of Civil and Criminal Law
• 1.6 UNCITRAL Model Law

Unit 2: E – Commerce

• 2.1 Scope of Cyber laws
• 2.2 E‐commerce ‐ online contracts - E - Banking Transactions - e‐taxation ‐ e‐governance
• 2.3 Electronic and Digital Signature
• 2.4 The Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023

Unit 3: Crime Cyber and Liberties

• 3.1 Cyber Crimes - Actus Rea and Mensrea
• 3.2 Types of Crimes in the Internet
• 3.3 Crime Against Person, Against Property, Against Government
• 3.4 Freedom of Speech & Expression in cyber space
• 3.5 Decent Speech – Indecent Speech – Hate Speech – Obscene – Pornography

Unit 4: IPR issues

• 4.1 Copy Right issues in the Internet - Protection of Computer Software
• 4.2 Caching - International Regime – OSS – DMCA - DATA PROTECTION DIRECTIVES
• 4.3 Trademark issues in the Internet
• 4.4 Domain Name; Registration - Domain Name –Registration - Domain Name Dispute
• 4.5 ICANN - UDRP Policy – Linking – Framing -Met Tagging - Database issues in the internet

Unit 5: Provisions of Information Technology Law and Indian Evidence Act

• Objectives of the Act
• 5.1 Legal Recognition of Electronic Documents
• 5.2 Evidence Act on Electronic Record
• 5.3 E‐Governance
• 5.4 Regulation of Certifying Authorities
• 5.5 Duties of Subscribers
• 5.6 Offenses and Contraventions‐ Penalties and Adjudications
• 5.7 Justice Dispensation System for Cybercrimes
• 5.8 Making of Rules and Regulations etc

Unit I: Introduction, Scope, and Conceptual Framework

• 1.1 The Concept: Nature, definition, and necessity of Private International Law distinguishing it from Public International Law
• 1.2 The Elements: The "Foreign Element" in civil disputes (parties, facts, or property located abroad)
• 1.3 Core Geopolitical Dynamics: Unification of laws (The Hague Conference on Private International Law); interpersonal conflict of laws within India’s heterogeneous society
• 1.4 Modern Expansion: Impact of the WTO, cross -border commercial transactions and global disputes emerging through cyberspace

Unit II: The Choice of Law Process

• 2.1 Characterisation (Classification): How courts define the legal category of a suit (Is it a breach of contract or a tortious wrong?) i. Jurisdiction of personam vs Jurisdiction of rem and principle of Forum Non Conveniens
• 2.2 Connecting Factors: Finding the legal bridge. Allocation by Domicile, Nationality Residence, or Lex Situs (where the property sits)
• 2.3 The Renvoi Doctrine: The problem of "remission" whether a court applying foreign law should also apply that foreign country’s choice -of-law rules (Single vs Double Renvoi) i. The mechanics of Single Renvoi (Remission) vs. Double Renvoi (Total Renvoi) ii. Application and proof of foreign law in domestic courts, and public policy exclusions (where a domestic court refuses to apply an offensive foreign law) iii. Procedures for pleading and proving foreign law as a question of fact in Indian courts under the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023
• 2.4 The modern Indian approach: Why Indian courts generally reject the complex English double renvoi to prevent endless litigation loops

Unit III: Transnational Commercial Obligations (Contracts & Economic Torts)

• Autonomy in International Commerce: The evolution of the Proper Law of Contract Express choices versus implied choices of law The Indian Contractual Friction: Reconciling freedom of choice with public policy under Section 23 of the Indian Contract Act. Analyzing NTPC v. Singer Company regarding foreign arbitration seats Cross-Border Torts: Shifting from the rigid historic rule of Lex Loci Delicti (law of the place where the wrong occurred) to the flexible doctrine of the Proper Law of a Tort (the legal system with the most significant relationship to the harmful event)

Unit IV: Substantive Obligations (Personal Law Conflict, Torts, Contract and

• Property)
• 4.1 International Family Law: Validity of foreign marriages, inter -country adoptions and the challenging arena of cross -border child custody disputes (evaluating "habitual residence" vs. "ordinary residence") i. Matrimonial Gridlocks: The grounds on which Indian courts refuse to recognize foreign divorce decrees (analyzing the strict boundaries of Y. Narasimha Rao v. Y Venkata Lakshmi)
• 4.2 Proper Law of Contract: The doctrine of Party Autonomy (freedom of parties to choose their governing legal system). English benchmarks vs. the Indian stance established under landmark rulings like NTPC v. Singer Company (1992)
• 4.3 Cross -Border Torts: Traditional common law rules (lex loci delicti —law of the place where the wrong occurred) versus modern theories of the "Proper Law of a Tort" or social environment theories
• 4.4 Property Systems: Distinguishing movable and immovable property; the rule of Lex Situs (the law of the place where property is situated) governing international land and asset inheritance disputes

Unit V: Execution: Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Judgments

• 5.1 The Final Enforcement Hurdle: The statutory architecture of Section 13 and Section 44A of the CPC
• 5.2 The Six Defenses: Deconstructing Section 13 CPC when is a foreign judgment not conclusive? (e.g., judgments not given on merits, violating international law, or obtained by fraud)
• 5.3 International Commercial Arbitration: Enforcement of foreign arbitral awards under the New York and Geneva Conventions via the Arbitration and Conciliation Act